AMJ

Altered mental status is a blanket term which is frequently encountered scenario of brain dysfunction ranging from delirium to coma. For 10 per cent of emergency visits annually. Out of which 41-60% are elderly. Diagnosis in younger patients is, toxicological or organ specific. where as in elderly it’s More of like needle in a haystack, with high mortality rates.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is affecting 41% of the Western population. CKD also confers an increased fracture risk. The gold standard to assess bone turnover is doubtless bone histology. However, bone biopsies are invasive and cannot be repeated. Moreover, bone histomorphometry is performed in a limited number of (hyper) specialized centers and may not be available for all clinicians

CKD is described as the existence of renal impairment or an estimated eGFR<60 ml/min / 1.73 m2 that lasts for 90 days or longer regardless of etiology and is graded into 6 phases depending on GFR (G1 to G5 with G3 split into 3a and 3b). It is a gradual decrease of kidney function that eventually necessitates the use of kidney dialysis or transplantation. Glomerulonephritis (GN) was once one of the most common causes of kidney disease.

Electronic cigarettes, more commonly known as e-cigarettes, were officially recognized by the FDA in 2014 [1]. The agency categorized electronic cigarettes as battery-operated items that can deliver nicotine as well as other substances. Vaping, often known as the usage of electronic cigarettes, is a form of tobacco use that differs from traditional smoking in that it does not include the burning of tobacco.